IMSN

This infographic, titled “Rethinking Black Holes: General Relativity vs. The DEF Theory,” presents a comparative overview of two competing theoretical frameworks describing black holes: the established General Relativity (GR) and the newly proposed Differential Expansion Framework (DEF). The central theme is that gravitational waves from merging black holes serve as the ultimate testing ground to discriminate between these two theories.

Theoretical Foundations: Singularity vs. Finite Core

The top section contrasting the two theories’ fundamental view of a black hole’s structure.

• General Relativity (GR): The left panel illustrates the classical GR perspective. It shows a black hole with an “Infinitely Dense Point (Singularity)” at its center, hidden from the outside universe by an “Event Horizon”, a boundary beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. According to GR, matter collapses irreversibly into this point of infinite density.
• DEF Theory: The right panel presents the DEF alternative. Instead of a singularity, it proposes a “Finite-Radius Physical Core”, also termed the “Sikora Core,” with a radius defined as $R_g = GM/c^2$. In this model, matter collapses to form a dense, physical object with a distinct surface, eliminating the mathematical problem of a singularity. The horizon is conceptualized not as a point of no return, but as a physical boundary or phase transition layer.

The Observational Showdown

The middle section, “The Observational Showdown,” summarizes the results of a comparative analysis testing the predictions of both theories against real-world data from 45 binary black hole (BBH) merger events detected by gravitational wave observatories. The data is based on an analysis of quasinormal modes (QNMs) using Ridge Regression to determine which theory’s predictions best fit the observed signals.

• Event-by-Event Accuracy: A pie chart reveals that in an analysis of these 45 mergers, DEF’s predictions were closer to the real observational data in 31 events (approximately 68.9%), while GR’s predictions were closer in the remaining 14 events (31.1%).
• Overall Statistical Fit: A histogram on the right compares the aggregate error of both theories, measured by the Root Mean Square (RMS) Residual. The distribution curves show that DEF has a lower overall RMS Residual of 102.40 Hz, compared to GR’s RMS Residual of 103.98 Hz. This lower residual indicates that, on average, the DEF model provides a statistically closer fit to the observational data from the 45 analyzed events. The infographic concludes that “DEF Aligns Better with ~70% of Current Observations”.

Future Testable Predictions

The bottom section highlights the falsifiability of the DEF theory by presenting a clear, testable prediction for future experiments. It shows a visualization of a black hole merger followed by the resulting gravitational waveform. The waveform is separated into a “GR Prediction” (blue) and a “DEF Prediction” (orange) during the final “ringdown” phase, where the newly formed black hole settles down.

The infographic states that DEF predicts 1-10% shifts in the gravitational wave ‘ringdown’ compared to the GR prediction. This specific and quantifiable difference is a signature that next-generation, more sensitive telescopes will be able to either confirm or deny, providing a definitive test for the validity of the Differential Expansion Framework.

In summary, the infographic visually communicates that the DEF theory, with its proposal of a finite physical core, currently offers a better statistical alignment with a majority of existing gravitational wave observations compared to General Relativity’s singularity model, and it provides a clear observational target for future detectors to confirm or refute its claims.